Bandage Wrist or Lower Arm

Bandaging Limbs

Bandages should be long enough to encircle the limb, and at least an inch wider than the wound. Keep them loose enough to avoid impairing circulation, and bandage a limb in the position in which it will remain during the transport or while the wound heals.

• Begin by placing the end of the bandage on the limb.
• Make a firm turn around the limb to hold the bandage's end in place. Secure the bandage with first-aid tape, a safety pin, or by cutting the end of the bandage in two, putting one end on each side of the limb, and then tying the ends into a knot.

Immobilization: Applying Splints and Slings

A splint can be fashioned from rolled-up newspapers, rolled blankets, pillows, boards, and so forth. Ideally, a splint should be long enough to extend past either end of a suspected fracture and past the nearest joints. It is important to splint an injury in the position you found it. Do not attempt to move or straighten an injured limb.

To hold a splint in place, use bandannas, neckties, or strips of cloth as a sling. Tie the splint above and below the injury. Secure the joints above and below the injury. The splint should provide firm support for the injury while allowing for good circulation. Indications that circulation is impeded include blue or pale fingers or toes on the splinted limb. Have all the knots on the same side, and do not allow them to press into the injury.

Here's how to apply splints and/or slings on specific areas:

In emergency situations, splints and slings can be improvised.
In this case, rolled sturdy paper or cardboard makes an adequate splint,
and a long-sleeved shirt has been tied as a sling

Wrist or lower arm: Put the injured arm across the patient's torso with the elbow at a right angle. The palm should be in, the thumb up. Splint each side of the arm from the elbow to beyond the wrist, leaving the fingers visible. Check the fingers frequently to see if circulation is impeded by tight bandages.

First Step While Emergency Comes

When an emergency occurs, make sure the injured victim's airway is not blocked by the tongue and that the mouth is free of any secretions and foreign objects. It is extremely important that the person is breathing freely. And if not, you need to administer artificial respiration promptly.

See that the victim has a pulse and good blood circulation as you check for signs of bleeding. Act fast if the victim is bleeding severely or if he has swallowed poison or if his heart or breathing has stopped. Remember every second counts.

Although most injured persons can be safely moved, it is vitally important not to move a person with serious neck or back injuries unless you have to save him from further danger. Keep the patient lying down and quiet. If he has vomited and there is no danger that his neck is broken, turn him on his side to prevent choking and keep him warn by covering him with blankets or coats.

Have someone call for medical assistance while you apply first aid. The person who summons help should explain the nature of the emergency and ask what should be done pending the arrival of the ambulance. Reassure the victim, and try to remain calm by yourself. Your calmness can allay the feat and panic of the patient.

Don't give fluids to an unconscious or semiconscious person; fluids may enter his windpipe and cause suffocation. Don't try to arouse an unconscious person by slapping or shaking.

Look for an emergency medical identification card or an emblematic device that the victim may be wearing to alert you to any health problems, allergies or diseases that may require special care.

First Aid Kit More Handily

Critical period usually comes to someone who suddenly becomes ill or injured. First aid in this period is crucial before the victim get the medical treatment. What you do, or what you don't do, in this interval can mean the difference between life and death. You owe it to yourself, your family and your neighbors to know and to understand procedures that you can apply quickly and intelligently in an emergency.

That’s why first aid kit in many types should have by every household. So, if you do not already have one, assemble your supplies now. Tailor the contents to fit your family's particular needs. Just for notice, don't add first aid supplies to the jumble of toothpaste and cosmetics in the medicine cabinet. Instead, assemble them in a suitable, labeled box. You can use a fishing tackle box or small took chest with hinged cover for this necessity, so that everything will be handy when needed. It’s a good way to labeled everything in the kit clearly, and indicate what it is used for.

Be sure not to lock the box

Otherwise you may be hunting for the key when that emergency occurs. Place the box on a shelf beyond the reach of small children, and check it periodically and always restock items as soon as they are used up.

Keep all medications, including non-prescription drugs such as aspirin, out of reach of children. When discarding drugs, be sure to dispose of them where they cannot be retrieved by children or pets. So if you’ve got the point, next article in this blog you can learn about what you must to do when an emergency comes.

Give Thrusts For Choking

Here the important thing you must to do for ones who've got choking. If the victim cannot speak, cough, or breathe, give abdominal thrusts (the Heimlich maneuver) until the foreign object is expelled or the victim becomes unconscious.

Abdominal thrusts

Note: If the victim is extremely obese or in the late stages of pregnancy, give chest thrusts

Chest thrusts

First Aid For Choking

Here what you should to do when the choking victim is having trouble coughing or breathing, however, ask if he is choking:

• If he can cough or speak, let him try to expel the blockage on his own.
• If he can't cough but is breathing, his airway is only partially obstructed. Arrange for immediate transport to an emergency medical facility to remove the blockage.
• If he cannot speak or cough, his airway is obstructed. Get someone to call for medical help while you perform the lifesaving Heimlich maneuver.

From the Guide to the Heimlich Maneuver, if the victim is conscious:

Ask him/her, "Are you choking?" If the victim can speak, cough, or breathe, do not interfere. So, how about if he/she can't. Here you must to do

Individual Aid Choking

The Heimlich maneuver is used to aid an individual who is choking. In effect, the under-the-diaphragm series of thrusts forces enough air from the lungs to artificially create a cough, which is intended to move or expel a foreign object that is obstructing the victim's breathing. After performing the Heimlich maneuver, have the victim examined by a medical professional.

The technique should only be performed when the victim's airway is completely obstructed by a foreign object. The Heimlich maneuver is not recommended if he or she can cough or speak. So before beginning, encourage the person who is choking to cough. Besides, this may be enough to dislodge any blockage.

Tip:
The universal sign for choking is clutching the throat.

Alternate Compression Rescue Breathing

Here the alternate compressions and rescue breathing at the proper ratio:

• For adults and children over 8 years old the ratio is 15 compressions to 2 full breaths at a rate of 80 to 100 compressions per minute.
• For children 1 to 8 years old the proper ratio is 5 compressions to 1 full breath at a rate of 80 to 100 compressions per minute.
• For infants the proper ratio is 5 compressions to 1 full breath at a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute.

Periodic practice in CPR is essential to keep your skills at the level they need to be. Someone's life may depend on how well you remember and apply the steps in CPR. Have your CPR skills and knowledge tested at least once a year. It could enable you to save a life.

Waiting for Help

If an individual doesn't regain consciousness, keep CPR going for at least an hour whether it's a child or an adult. In a group, take turns. Don't stop until medical help arrives.

Important ABC CPR You Should Know

As you know, CPR is as easy as ABC, its Airways, Breathing, and Circulation. Although those all has the same methods to do for baby, child, or mature, but you’re already know that there are difference methods among of them. Now here below are another important thing you should make a bear attention.

Airway
Is the victim unresponsive? If so, shout for help, position the child, and open the airway.

Breathing
Check for breathing. If there's no breathing, give 2 full breaths. Look for chest rise, listen for sounds of breathing, feel for breath on your cheek

Circulation
If the victim still isn't breathing, attempt to check the carotid pulse for a few seconds. If there's no pulse or you can't locate the pulse and the child is still unresponsive, begin 1 minute of CPR. Then leave to activate the local EMS system or send someone else to activate the local emergency number while you perform CPR. Continue to do CPR until help (EMS) arrives.

Chest compressions For Baby And Kids

In infants and small children, use only one hand for compression. You can slip your other hand under the back of an infant to give firm support. For infants, use only the tips of the middle and ring fingers to compress the chest at the sternum. A summary of information is given in the table below. Depress the sternum between 1/2 to 1 inch at a rate of at least 100 times a minute.

For small children, use only the heel of one hand (see detail instruction for position). Depress the sternum between 1 and 1 1/2 inches, depending on the child's size. The rate should be 80 to 100 times a minute. In the case of both infants and small children, give breaths during a pause after every fifth chest compression.

CPR for children over 8 years old is the same as for adults.

CPR for Infants and Children

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for infants (birth to 1 year) and children (1 to 8 years) also has ABC treatment similar to that for adults, but there are a few important differences.
They're given below.

Airway
Be careful when handling an infant. Don't tilt the head back too far. An infant's neck bends so easily that if the head is tilted back too far, the breathing passages may be blocked instead of opened.

Breathing
If an infant isn't breathing, don't try to pinch the nose shut. Cover both the mouth and nose with your mouth and breathe slowly (1.0 to 1.5 seconds per breath). Use enough volume and pressure to make the chest rise. With a small child, pinch the nose, cover the mouth, and breathe the same as for an infant

Circulation
Check pulse. In an infant, check for a pulse by feeling on the inside of the upper arm midway between the elbow and the shoulder. Check for the pulse in a small child the same way you would in an adult.

Assessment and Activation

If you don't get a response from an infant or child, send someone to call your local emergency medical service (usually 911) and begin CPR. If you're alone, do one minute of CPR before leaving to call 911. Return to the victim and continue CPR until help (EMS) arrives.

CPR Hand Position On Baby amd Kids

Detail instruction of hand position while doing chest compressions for baby And kids:

Infant (birth to 1 year)
Part of Hand : Tips of middle and ring fingers
Hand Position : One finger's width below line between nipples (be sure not to depress the tip of the sternum)
Depress Sternum : 1/2 to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm)
Rate Of Compression : 5 compressions to 1 full breath; at least 100 compressions per minute

Child (1 to 8 years)
Part of Hand : Heel of hand
Hand Position : Sternum (same as adults)
Depress Sternum : 1 to 1/2 inches (2.5 to 3.8 cm)
Rate Of Compression : 5 compressions to 1 full breath; 80 to 100 compressions per minute

External Chest Compression

An external chest compression is another treatment method of CPR. It provides artificial circulation. When you apply rhythmic pressure on the lower half of the victim's breastbone, you force the heart to pump blood.

To do external chest compression properly, kneel beside the victim's chest. With the middle and index fingers of your hand nearest the person's legs, find the notch where the bottom rims of the two halves of the rib cages meet in the middle of the chest. Now put the heel of one hand on the sternum (breastbone) next to the fingers that found the notch.

Put your other hand on top of the hand that's in position. Be sure to keep your fingers up off the chest wall. It may be easier to do this if you interlock your fingers.

Bring your shoulders directly over the victim's sternum and press down, keeping your arms straight. If the victim is an adult, depress the sternum about 1 1/2 to 2 inches (3.8 to 5 cm). Then completely relax the pressure on the sternum.


Don't remove your hands from the victim's sternum, but do let the chest rise to its normal position between compressions. Relaxation and compression should take equal amounts of time.

If you must give both rescue breathing and external chest compressions, the proper rate is 15 chest compressions to 2 breaths. You must compress at a rate of 80 to 100 times per minute.


If You Suspect a Neck Injury

If you suspect that the victim may have a neck injury (such as might occur in a diving or automobile accident, for example), you must open the airway differently, using a chin-lift without tilting the head. If the airway stays blocked, tilt the head slowly and gently until the airway is open.

If you suspect a neck injury, try to open the airway without tilting the head.

CPR Simple As ABC

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation or popular known as CPR is a first aid procedure that's the simple method as simple as ABC. It's Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. To do this first aid treatment at first, assess the victim. Try to get a response from the person. Shake them gently, while calling, ''Are you okay?" If the person isn't responsive, activate the emergency medical system (911 or local number).

Then begin the ABC's:

• Airway
• Breathing
• Circulation

Continue CPR without stopping until advanced life support is available.


Assessment and Activation

If you find an adult who has collapsed, find out if he or she is unresponsive by gently shaking a shoulder and shouting "Are you all right?" If the person doesn't respond, shout for help. If a helper is available, send that person to call your emergency medical service (911 or other local number). If no help is available, make the call yourself.

Check For Breathing

Airway


To open the airway, gently lift the chin with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with your other hand. You want to tilt the head back. Once the airway is open, lean over and put your ear close to the victim's mouth.

• Look at the chest for movement.
• Listen for the sound of breathing.
• Feel for breath on your cheek.

If the victim is breathing, roll the person onto his or her side as a unit (the recovery position—see page 18). If none of these signs is present, the person isn't breathing. If opening the airway doesn't cause the person to spontaneously start breathing, you'll have to provide rescue breathing.

Airway: Open the airway and check for breathing.

Mouth To Mouth Rescue

Breathing


The best way to give rescue breathing is by using the mouth-to-mouth technique:

• Using the thumb and forefinger of your hand that's on the victim's forehead, pinch the person's nose shut. Be sure to keep the heel of your hand in place so the person's head remains tilted. Keep your other hand under the person's chin, lifting up.
• As you keep an air-tight seal with your mouth on the victim's mouth, immediately give two full breaths.

Breathing: Give mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing

Check Pulse Signs

Circulation

After giving two full breaths, find the person's carotid artery pulse to see if the heart is still beating. To find the carotid artery pulse, take your hand that's lifting the chin and find the person's Adam's apple (image box). Slide the tips of your fingers down the groove beside the Adam's apple and feel for the pulse.

If you can't find the pulse, in addition to rescue breathing, you'll have to provide artificial circulation.









Circulation: Check for signs of a pulse.

What is CPR

CPR is performed when someone's breathing or pulse (or both) stops. When both stop, sudden death has occurred. Sudden death has many possible causes poisoning, drowning, choking, suffocation, electrocution, smoke inhalation but the most common is heart attack.

Everyone should know the signals of heart attack and the actions for survival. They should also have a plan for emergency action. Below the basic CPR you should know:

• Warning Signs
• Actions For Survival

By learning two of them you can well understanding about the basic of CPR

First Move While Heart Attack Comes

After well understand about the heart attack’s warning signs. Now is the time to take first aid actions for survival. Here the ways you can follow:

• Recognize the signals.
• Stop whatever you're doing and sit or lie down.
• If the signals last more than a few minutes, call the local emergency number. (Usually it's 911.)

If that's not possible, take the victim to the nearest hospital emergency room with emergency cardiac care. Since incorrect chest compressions can cause internal injuries, CPR should be performed only by someone who has taken a professional course.

CPR requires training, practice, and skill. This information is presented for the purpose of review for one who is trained. Keep in mind that anyone who performs CPR should pull on a pair of latex gloves if they're available.

Heart Attack Warning Signs

Heart attack can be the serious problem if you don’t know the first aid you should do. The first step you should know is the heart attack’s warning signs. The warning signs of a heart attack are:

• Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes.
• Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, or arms.
• Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath.

Not all these signs occur in every heart attack. If some start to occur, don't wait. Get help fast.

How To Check A Person Breathing

Continued on take action for the first aids in heart attack, you must check the sufferer breathing. To determine if a person is breathing, place your ear against their mouth or nose: Can you hear them exhale? Place your head or hand on their chest: Does the chest rise and fall?

Caution:
Never practice CPR on a healthy person, it can be harmful.

Seek immediate medical attention if:

• The victim is not breathing
• Breathing is noisy
• Froth appears around the lips or nose
• A bluish color appears around the lips and ears